International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative approach in artificial organ fabrication, offering highly customizable, patient-oriented solutions. By employing advanced bioinks, stem cell scaffolds, and layer-by-layer bioprinting strategies, researchers are now able to create intricate tissue architectures that closely replicate native organ functions. This technology shows significant promise in addressing the persistent shortage of transplantable organs while reducing the likelihood of immune rejection. Key developments include the experimental creation of liver constructs, renal frameworks, and cardiac patches, yet the field still faces major hurdles such as achieving stable vascularization, ensuring long-term biocompatibility, and navigating complex regulatory pathways. Sustained interdisciplinary collaboration is critical for translating laboratory models into safe, clinically approved artificial organs for therapeutic use.