International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In children, it represents one of the most common long-term neurological conditions. Epilepsy is one of the most common brain problems in children, and it happens most often in the first year of life. Epilepsy is a common brain condition that happens in about 0.5–1% of children around the world. Around 15% of patients do not achieve adequate seizure control with antiepileptic medications. These individuals are potential candidates for surgical intervention, and the majority belong to the pediatric age group (18 years or younger). Paediatric epilepsy surgery is a vital treatment option for children with drugresistant epilepsy, offering the potential for seizure freedom and improved developmental outcomes. About 5 in every 1,000 children are affected by epilepsy in any given year. Each year, an average of 5 to 7 new cases occur per 10,000 children between the ages of one and fifteen. Risk factors linked to the onset of seizures in children include premature birth, neurological comorbidities, a positive family history, fever, infections, maternal alcohol use, pregnancy-related complications, and maternal smoking. Early detection and proper classification of epilepsy are crucial for choosing the right treatment. The main approach is the use of antiseizure medicines, but in difficult-to-control cases, dietary therapies, surgery, or brain stimulation may also be considered. Advances in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular genetics have significantly improved the understanding and classification of paediatric epilepsy syndromes.